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ENERGY


ENERGY storage facilities, solar panels, nuclear reactors / nuclear-power fission systems as a base-line source power that is not affected by the dust storms, power storage systems (batteries, storing power for the night time plus during global dust storms, when the temperature drops and reduced sunlight reaches the surface)

Wired systems might lay the groundwork for early crewed landings and basesm by producing various consumables including fuel, oxidisers, water and construction materials. Estabishing power, communications, shelter, heating and manufacturing basics can begin with robotic systems, if only as a prelude to crewed operations. Number of robotic cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transport the requisite equipment, habitats and supplies.Equipment that would be necessary would include "machines to produce fertiliser, methane and oxygen from Mars' atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet's subsurface water ice" as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for initial agricultural areas.
One source of Martian ore currently known to be available is metallic iron in the form of nickel–iron meteorites. Iron in this form is more easily extracted than from the iron oxides that cover the planet.

 Solar insolation (the amount of solar radiation that reaches Mars) is about 42% of that on Earth, since Mars is about 52% farther from the Sun and insolation falls off as the square of distance. But the thin atmosphere would allow almost all of that energy to reach the surface as compared to Earth, where the atmosphere absorbs roughly a quarter of the solar radiation. Sunlight on the surface of Mars would be much like a moderately cloudy day on Earth






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BIOSPHERE 2

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3D PRINTING WITH ICE / ICE HOUSE HABITAT

Water on Mars We now believe there to be an abundance of water in subsurface and exposed ice in the higher and lower latitudes. Site selection was determined by a multitude of parameters, including balancing access to a shallow ice table from the surface (within 20cm-1m), with temperatures that remain below freezing throughout the Martian year. MAP OF WATER CONCENTRATIO, data from the 2001 mars odyssey gamma ray spectrometer Why water? Water's unique absorption spectrum absorbs high energy short wavelength radiation making it an effective radiation shield. At the same time it allows light in the visible spectrum to pass through creating a unique daylit interior. Using the Physics of Phase Change The key to harvesting and using water on Mars is understanding its it's phase change in different pressures and temperatures.  Water ice is found beneath the subsurface of many of the northern latitudes of Mars. We're not sure how far down, but
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LIFE ON MARS / HABITATS

“When designing skyscrapers on Earth we have to think about the impact of earthquakes, hurricanes, wind and gravity, but when designing a habitat on Mars they are not driving factors for design. Instead, it’s all about the huge temperature differences between night and day, which threaten to shrink or expand the building fabric, and the internal air pressure, which is greater than the thin atmosphere and threatens to expand the envelope. The physics is the same on other planets, but it plays out very differently.” - Jeffrey Montes, Space architect, AI’s SpaceFactory TEMPORARY VS. PERMANENT HABITATION Long term permanent habitats require much more volume (i.e. greenhouse) and thick shielding to minimize the annual dose of radiation received. This type of habitat is too large and heavy to be sent to Mars, and must be constructed making use of some local resource. Possibilities include covering structures with ice or soil, excavating subterranean spaces or sealing the ends of an
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